Design And Optimization Of AI Based Massive MIMO Antenna System For Next Generation Communication System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29284/z1t7k361Keywords:
MIMO, Artificial Intelligence, CCL, Machine Learning, ECC, TARCAbstract
The rapid advancement of wireless communication has intensified the demand for high data rates, low latency, and energy-efficient systems, driving research into Massive MIMO (M-MIMO) antennas for 5G and 6G. However, challenges such as interference, poor isolation, and hardware complexity persist. To address these, this work integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) with graphene-based M-MIMO antenna design, enabling optimization through data-driven models. The methodology begins with single-element graphene–copper patch structures on a polyamide substrate, progressively optimized to a two-port MIMO configuration. Repeated simulations generate datasets for training regression-based machine learning models, including Decision Tree, Random Forest, XGBoost, Lasso, and Poisson regressions.Parametric analysis was conducted using CST simulations, systematically varying substrate thickness, length, and patch dimensions. The proposed design achieved a maximum gain of 16 dB at 9 THz, deep reflection coefficient (S11) of –65 dB, isolation (S21) between –20 and –60 dB, ECC below 0.03, and diversity gain (DG) around 10 dB. Channel capacity loss (CCL) remained under 0.2 bits/s/Hz, and TARC stayed below –20 dB. Among ML models, XGB Regression outperformed others, with MAE of 3.10%, RMSE of 3.25%, and R² of 98.20%, confirming reliable performance prediction and efficient design optimization.
References
1. Pons, Mario, Estuardo Valenzuela, Brandon Rodríguez, Juan Arturo Nolazco-Flores, and Carolina Del-Valle-Soto. "Utilization of 5G technologies in IoT applications: Current limitations by interference and network optimization difficulties—A review." Sensors 23, no. 8 (2023): 3876.
2. Li, Pengfei, Jiaxin Fan, and Jianhong Wu. "Exploring the key technologies and applications of 6G wireless communication network." iScience 28, no. 5 (2025).
3. Es-saleh, Anouar, Mohammed Bendaoued, SoufianLakrit, Sudipta Das, and Ahmed Faize. "Design aspects of MIMO antennas and its applications: A comprehensive review." Results in Engineering 25 (2025): 103797.
4. Huo, Yiming, Xingqin Lin, Boya Di, Hongliang Zhang, Francisco Javier Lorca Hernando, AhmetSerdar Tan, ShahidMumtaz, ÖzlemTuğfeDemir, and Kun Chen-Hu. "Technology trends for massive MIMO towards 6G." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6062.
5. Gajbhiye, Pradnya A., Satya P. Singh, and Madan Kumar Sharma. "A comprehensive review of AI and machine learning techniques in antenna design optimization and measurement." Discover Electronics 2, no. 1 (2025): 46.
6. Haque, Md Ashraful, Md Sharif Ahammed, SoeungSocheatra, Redwan A. Ananta, Md Jamal HossainNirob, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, NoorlindawatyMdJizat, SaeedAlsowail, and Samir Salem Al-Bawri. "Machine learning based compact MIMO antenna array for 38 GHz millimeter wave application with robust isolation and high efficiency performance." Results in Engineering 25 (2025): 104006.
7. Qamar, Faizan, Syed Hussain Ali Kazmi, Khairul Akram Zainol Ariffin, Muhammad Tayyab, and Quang Ngoc Nguyen. "Multi-antenna array-based massive mimo for b5g/6g: State of the art, challenges, and future research directions." Information 15, no. 8 (2024): 442.
8. Goudos, Sotirios K., Panagiotis D. Diamantoulakis, Mohammad A. Matin, Panagiotis Sarigiannidis, Shaohua Wan, and George K. Karagiannidis. "Design of antennas through artificial intelligence: State of the art and challenges." IEEE Communications Magazine 60, no. 12 (2022): 96-102.
9. Khan, Mohammad Monirujjaman, SazzadHossain, PueziaMozumdar, ShamimaAkter, and Ratil H. Ashique. "A review on machine learning and deep learning for various antenna design applications." Heliyon 8, no. 4 (2022).
10. Nandhitha, N. M., Hemanta Kumar Palo, M. P. Sunil, Awakash Mishra, Mridula Gupta, Samaksh Goyal, and Shashikant Patil. "Exploring AI-Driven Antenna Optimization Techniques." National Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7, no. 2 (2025): 24-28.
11. Nandhitha, N. M., Hemanta Kumar Palo, M. P. Sunil, Awakash Mishra, Mridula Gupta, Samaksh Goyal, and Shashikant Patil. "Exploring AI-Driven Antenna Optimization Techniques." National Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7, no. 2 (2025): 24-28.
12. JahanbakhshBasherlou, Haleh, NaserOjaroudiParchin, and Chan Hwang See. "Antenna Design and Optimization for 5G, 6G, and IoT." Sensors 25, no. 5 (2025): 1494.
13. Mokhtari, Zahra, Maryam Sabbaghian, and Rui Dinis. "A survey on massive MIMO systems in presence of channel and hardware impairments." Sensors 19, no. 1 (2019): 164.
14. Jin, Zhenzhou, Li You, Huibin Zhou, Yuanshuo Wang, Xiaofeng Liu, Xinrui Gong, XiqiGao, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, and Xiang-Gen Xia. "GDM4MMIMO: Generative diffusion models for massive MIMO communications." arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.18281 (2024).
15. Chataut, Robin, and Robert Akl. "Massive MIMO systems for 5G and beyond networks—overview, recent trends, challenges, and future research direction." Sensors 20, no. 10 (2020): 2753.
16. Patel, Shobhit K., Abdullah Baz, and DhruvikAgravat. "Design of machine learning optimized THz MIMO antenna for next-generation wireless communication systems." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 16, no. 6 (2025): 103384.
17. Haque, Md Ashraful, Kamal Hossain Nahin, Jamal HossainNirob, MdKawsar Ahmed, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, Liton Chandra Paul, Abeer D. Algarni, Mohammed ElAffendi, Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif, and Abdelhamied A. Ateya. "Multiband THz MIMO antenna with regression machine learning techniques for isolation prediction in IoT applications." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025): 7701.
18. Ananta, Redwan A., MdAshrafulHaque, GeamelAlyami, Md Sharif Ahammed, MdKawsar Ahmed, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, MdAfzalur Rahman, Hussein Shaman, Hanaa A. Abdallah, and Abdelhamied A. Ateya. "Regression machine learning-based highly efficient dual band MIMO antenna design for mm-Wave 5G application and gain prediction." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025): 28730.
19. Haque, Md Ashraful, Redwan A. Ananta, Md Sharif Ahammed, Jamal HossainNirob, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, Liton Chandra Paul, Reem Ibrahim Alkanhel, Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif, May Almousa, and Abdelhamied A. Ateya. "High-isolation dual-band MIMO antenna for next-generation 5G wireless networks at 28/38 GHz with machine learning-based gain prediction." Scientific Reports 15, no. 1 (2025): 20782.
20. Haque, Md Ashraful, Md Sharif Ahammed, Redwan A. Ananta, KhaledAljaloud, NoorlindawatyMdJizat, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, Kamal Hossain Nahin, and Samir Salem Al-Bawri. "Broadband high gain performance MIMO antenna array for 5 G mm-wave applications-based gain prediction using machine learning approach." Alexandria Engineering Journal 104 (2024): 665-679.
21. Kumar, Anubhav, Divya Saxena, Pankaj Jha, and Navneet Sharma. "Compact two-port antenna with high isolation based on the defected ground for THz communication." Results in Optics 13 (2023): 100522.
22. Ud Din, Iftikhar, Mohammad Alibakhshikenari, Bal S. Virdee, Renu Karthick Rajaguru Jayanthi, Sadiq Ullah, Salahuddin Khan, Chan Hwang See, Lukasz Golunski, and Slawomir Koziel. "Frequency-selective surface-based MIMO antenna array for 5G millimeter-wave applications." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 7009.
23. Dwivedi, Ajay Kumar, Nagesh Kallollu Narayanaswamy, Krishna Kanth VarmaPenmatsa, Suyash Kumar Singh, Anand Sharma, and Vivek Singh. "Circularly polarized printed dual port MIMO antenna with polarization diversity optimized by machine learning approach for 5G NR n77/n78 frequency band applications." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 13994.
24. Amraoui, Youssef, Imane Halkhams, Rachid El Alami, Mohammed Ouazzani Jamil, and Hassan Qjidaa. "High isolation MIMO antenna array for multiband terahertz applications." Results in Engineering 23 (2024): 102842.
25. Al‐Bawri, Samir Salem, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, Abdel‐Fattah A. Sheta, and Md Moniruzzaman. "A high‐performance 3D eight‐port THz‐MIMO antenna system verified with machine learning for enhanced wireless communication SYSTEMS." International Journal of Communication Systems 38, no. 4 (2025): e6006.
26. Al-Bawri, Samir Salem, Redwan A. Ananta, MdAshrafulHaque, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, Narinderjit Singh, Md Abdul Kader Jilani, Liton Chandra Paul, and Khaled Aljaloud. "Machine learning technique based highly efficient slotted 4-port MIMO antenna using decoupling structure for sub-THz and THz 6G band applications." Optical and Quantum Electronics 56, no. 10 (2024): 1611.
27. Asaad, Noor S., Adham M. Saleh, and Mahmod A. Alzubaidy. "Analyzing performance of THz band graphene-based MIMO antenna for 6G applications." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 3 (2024): 23-29.
28. DalaPegoraraSouto, Victoria, PlínioSantiniDester, Michelle Soares Pereira Facina, Daniely Gomes Silva, Felipe Augusto Pereira de Figueiredo, Gustavo Rodrigues de Lima Tejerina, José Cândido Silveira Santos Filho et al. "Emerging MIMO technologies for 6G networks." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 1921.
29. Fakharian, Mohammad M. "A graphene-based multi-functional terahertz antenna." Optik 251 (2022): 168431.
30. Haque, Md Ashraful, Jamal HossainNirob, Kamal HossainNahin, NoorlindawatyMdJizat, M. A. Zakariya, Redwan A. Ananta, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, KhaledAljaloud, and Samir Salem Al-Bawri. "Machine learning-based technique for gain prediction of mm-wave miniaturized 5G MIMO slotted antenna array with high isolation characteristics." scientific reports 15, no. 1 (2025): 276.
31. Ashvanth, Balu, and BactavatchalamePartibane. "Multiband characterized high gain MIMO antenna for terahertz applications." Optical and Quantum Electronics 53, no. 8 (2021): 460.
32. Tiwari, Rakesh N., Prabhakar Singh, Pradeep Kumar, and Binod Kumar Kanaujia. "High isolation 4-port UWB MIMO antenna with novel decoupling structure for high speed and 5G communication." In 2022 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), pp. 336-339. IEEE, 2022.
33. Garg, Priyanka, and Priyanka Jain. "Isolation improvement of MIMO antenna using a novel flower shaped metamaterial absorber at 5.5 GHz WiMAX band." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 67, no. 4 (2019): 675-679.
34. Khalid, Mahnoor, SyedaIffatNaqvi, NiamatHussain, MuhibUrRahman, Fawad, SeyedSajad Mirjavadi, Muhammad Jamil Khan, and Yasar Amin. "4-Port MIMO antenna with defected ground structure for 5G millimeter wave applications." Electronics 9, no. 1 (2020): 71.
35. Pei, Tianqi, Lei Zhu, Jianpeng Wang, and Wen Wu. "A low-profile decoupling structure for mutual coupling suppression in MIMO patch antenna." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 69, no. 10 (2021): 6145-6153.
36. Haque, Md Ashraful, Dipon Saha, Samir Salem Al-Bawri, Liton Chandra Paul, MdAfzalurRahman, Faisal Alshanketi, Ali Alhazmi, Ali Hanafiah Rambe, M. A. Zakariya, and Saeed S. Ba Hashwan. "Machine learning-based technique for resonance and directivity prediction of UMTS LTE band quasi Yagi antenna." Heliyon 9, no. 9 (2023).
37. Borup, Daniel, Bent Jesper Christensen, Nicolaj Søndergaard Mühlbach, and Mikkel Slot Nielsen. "Targeting predictors in random forest regression." International Journal of Forecasting 39, no. 2 (2023): 841-868.
38. Lei, Thomas MT, Stanley CW Ng, and Shirley WI Siu. "Application of ANN, XGBoost, and other ML methods to forecast air quality in Macau." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2023): 5341.
39. Qiao, Xinhui, Hua He, Liuquan Sun, ShuoBai, and Peng Ye. "Testing latent classes in gut microbiome data using generalized Poisson regression models." Statistics in Medicine 43, no. 1 (2024): 102-124.
40. Jonas, Ranstam, and J. Cook. "LASSO regression." British Journal of Surgery 105, no. 10 (2018).
41. Robeson, Scott M., and Cort J. Willmott. "Decomposition of the mean absolute error (MAE) into systematic and unsystematic components." PloS one 18, no. 2 (2023): e0279774.
42. Blair, William Dale, and Yaakov Bar-Shalom. "MSE design of nearly constant velocity Kalman filters for tracking targets with deterministic maneuvers." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 59, no. 4 (2023): 4180-4191.
43. Hodson, Timothy O. "Root mean square error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE): When to use them or not." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 2022 (2022): 1-10.
44. Prata, David N., Waldecy Rodrigues, and Paulo H. Bermejo. "Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub) tropical cities of Brazil." Science of the Total Environment 729 (2020): 138862.
45. Aishwarya, Ravi, K. Pavitra, Primal Viola Miranda, K. Keerthana, and L. Kamatchi Priya. "Parkinson’s disease prediction using fisher score based recursive feature elimination." In 2023 International Conference on Advancement in Computation & Computer Technologies (InCACCT), pp. 1-8. IEEE, 2023.
46. Haque, Md Ashraful, Md Afzalur Rahman, Samir Salem Al-Bawri, ZubaidaYusoff, AdibaHaqueSharker, Wazie M. Abdulkawi, DiponSaha, Liton Chandra Paul, and M. A. Zakariya. "Machine learning-based technique for gain and resonance prediction of mid band 5G Yagi antenna." Scientific reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 12590.
47. Jain, Rachit, Vandana Vikas Thakare, and Pramod Kumar Singhal. "Design and comparative analysis of THz antenna through machine learning for 6G connectivity." IEEE Latin America Transactions 22, no. 2 (2024): 82-91.
48. Haque, Md Ashraful, Kamal Hossain Nahin, Jamal Hossain Nirob, Redwan A. Ananta, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, Liton Chandra Paul, Abeer D. Algarni, Mohammed ElAffendi, and Abdelhamied A. Ateya. "Machine learning-based novel-shaped THz MIMO antenna with a slotted ground plane for future 6G applications." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024): 32162.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
